고1 모의고사 2026년 10월 영어독해 18~45번
🚀 문제를 클릭하면 상세 페이지로 이동합니다 🚀
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Ms. Palmer,
My name is Karen Whitfield, a marketing assistant in the marketing department. As part of my efforts to contribute more to the department, I would like to receive additional training to further develop my skills. Over the last quarter, I noticed our department needs to better attract potential customers for our products online. For this reason, I’m requesting that the company cover part of my training cost. I have recently searched for training courses and found Smart Growth Training’s twoweek course that focuses on digital marketing strategies. It costs $1,600, and I strongly believe it would be helpful for my current work. I hope you will consider my request positively.
Sincerely,
Karen Whitfield
① 업무 관련 연수 비용 지원을 요청하려고
② 온라인 마케팅 비용 증액을 요구하려고
③ 마케팅 부서의 업무 성과를 보고하려고
④ 마케팅 관련 연수 개설을 제안하려고
⑤ 상품 개발비 지원을 문의하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘I’의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
It was the last day of school before summer vacation. After months of quizzes and assignments, I couldn’t wait to leave everything behind. Could anything be sweeter? I practically danced while cleaning out my locker, and nothing could ruin my mood. As I zipped up my backpack, ready to leave, my science teacher, Mr. Manta, called me aside. “Rafe,” he said, “you haven’t turned in your final lab report, despite all my warnings this past month.” The words hit me like cold water. He was right, but I totally forgot about it. “To make up for it, you must attend summer school,” he added. Instead of lazy mornings and endless free time, I’d be spending my vacation at a lab table — the last thing I wanted to do with my precious summer.
① excited → disappointed
② satisfied → jealous
③ nervous → pleased
④ frustrated → hopeful
⑤ indifferent → worried
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
We might not think of ourselves as global citizens yet, but it’s both necessary and possible to do so. Some people are skeptical about the idea of global citizenship, but for most of human history, people didn’t think of themselves as citizens of nationstates. After all, for most of human history, nationstates didn’t exist. The rise of nationstates over the last few centuries has led people to add state citizenship to other identities, such as family, people group, or religion. Given the connections between people around the world and the common challenges we face, we need to layer global citizenship on to these other identities. This doesn’t mean that global citizenship replaces these other identities. There’s not a single story about our identities. Instead, it’s precisely because we have obligations to our families, those in our community, and those around the world.
① 국제 문제 해결을 위해 국가 정체성을 강화해야 한다.
② 국제 사회의 발전을 위해 세계 시민의 의무를 우선시해야 한다.
③ 세계 시민 정체성을 확립하려면 국가 간 협력을 확대해야 한다.
④ 세계 시민 교육을 통해 다른 문화를 존중하는 태도를 길러야 한다.
⑤ 세계인의 연결과 공통 과제를 고려해 세계 시민 정체성을 더해야 한다.
21. 밑줄 친 “rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic”이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
Among unsatisfied professionals, there’s a repeating theme — the belief that someday (a mysterious day in the future) things will miraculously change and they’ll stumble into the perfect job or career. At the same time, they (typically) do little to meaningfully alter their current situation. They don’t like their job, so what do they do? They head to job boards and search for roles with a similar job title, hoping that the universe will sprinkle a bit of magic on their career if they just hit the refresh button in a different department or company. Efforts like this make professionals feel like they are doing something, when really they’re just setting themselves up to take a new role and quickly become just as disenchanted as they were before. It’s like rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic. You’ve got to completely switch up your approach. If you keep playing the same game, you’ll win the same prizes.
* stumble into: ~을 우연히 마주치다 ** disenchanted: 환상이 깨진
① making useless actions that fail to improve an unsatisfactory career
② pushing oneself to stay competent in a changing job market
③ keeping the current satisfactory office environment as it is
④ following others instead of pursuing the career they want
⑤ maintaining career stability despite workplace challenges
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sociologists argue that our perception and usage of time are not just basic properties of nature, like a clock ticking away in the background, nor are they simply psychological phenomena of individual experience. Instead, how we perceive and understand time is to a large degree shaped by tradition and cultural norms. Eviatar Zerubavel’s work, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week, demonstrates how the week, a fundamental unit of time, is a social invention that varies across cultures, influencing how people structure their activities and rhythms of life. Why do we consider a ninetofive job routine? Why don’t many of us work on the weekends? Why do we usually pay our bills at the end of the month? Why is the retirement age sixtyfive? These numbers and patterns aren’t really dictated by nature or any essential human characteristic, but are rather social creations that we internalize and come to accept as “normal.”
① 시간은 희소한 자원이며 기회비용을 갖는다.
② 시간의 절대성은 자연 과학의 전제 조건이다.
③ 시간의 효율적 활용은 삶에 균형을 가져다준다.
④ 시간의 흐름은 심리 상태에 따라 다르게 인식된다.
⑤ 시간을 인식하고 사용하는 방식은 사회적인 산물이다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
In recent years, the number of illegal actions in particular at the corporate level has grown, or at least the number of cases that came to light, increased. Such misconduct has often only been exposed because brave informants have risked a great deal in order to put an end to it. Hence, it is no surprise that whistleblower protection has come into focus. If violations of law and order go undetected and unpunished for years because employees of a company fear to report illegal activities for fear of reprisals or consequences, it can have several negative effects. It can harm the company itself, but also thirdparties, the economy in general, the general public, and even the rule of law could be affected. Protecting those who would assist in reducing unlawful or even criminal behaviour has two main functions: Protecting the individual’s actions as well as protecting the public good. A wellbalanced whistleblower protection may have positive effects on both of these.
* whistleblower: (기업 비리 등의) 내부 고발자
** reprisal: 보복
① difficulties in protecting whistleblowers’ rights
② importance of punishment for unlawful corporate activities
③ causes of individuals’ hesitation to become a whistleblower
④ effects of raising public awareness on reducing corporate corruption
⑤ need of whistleblower protection to guard their actions and the public good
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Unfortunately, sometimes the idea of a goal is disconnected from the daily reality of what it will take to achieve it. We fall in love with the idea of a goal, pushing out of mind how different our daytoday will need to be for us to make it happen. In fact, research even suggests that positive fantasies about our future can lead us to put less effort into our goals because our fantasies provide us with a false and premature sense of accomplishment. We romanticize a goal — falling in love with the idea of a change. In the process, we gloss over the intricacies and challenges of integrating a complex new behavior into our life. As one study nicely summed it up, fantasizing about a positive future “seduces a person to mentally enjoy the desired future in the here and now” — and because we don’t reflect on why our fantasy is not yet our future, “a necessity to act is not induced.”
* gloss over: ~에 대해 얼버무리고 넘어가다
** intricacy: 복잡함
*** seduce: 현혹시키다
① Love Yourself to Better Your Future!
② When an Ambitious Goal Brings Stress
③ How Can We Plan Good Daily Routines?
④ Fantasizing About the Future: A Barrier to Action
⑤ Too Many Goals, Too Little Time: A Recipe for Failure
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]
Since hydra and the immortal jellyfish don’t exhibit obvious signs of aging, they are often called biologically immortal. This doesn’t mean they don’t die. Nor does it even ① mean that they cannot die of biological causes. But, unlike most every animal, their likelihood of dying does not increase with age. Species such as hydra and the immortal jellyfish excite gerontologists because they may provide clues about how to defeat the aging process. But their property of being able to regenerate entire body parts, or even a whole organism, ② making them more similar to trees than to us. Although we may learn some fascinating things about their lack of apparent aging, it is not at all clear how ③ relevant those findings will be to human aging. Sometimes biology is universal, especially if it relates to fundamental mechanisms. But in other cases, even discoveries in rats or mice, ④ which are mammals and biologically much closer to us, are difficult to translate into humans. It may be a very long time before any findings gained from hydra or jellyfish ⑤ are useful to us.
* gerontologist: 노화학자
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]
Subsidies, taxes, and regulations can all lead to power plants that pollute less by switching away from coal. In all cases, profits can be ① higher from making the transition, even taking the related costs into account. The power plants prefer subsidies over regulations or taxes. The reason is ② obvious. They prefer to receive money from the government rather than pay the costs themselves. But the “expansion” of their opportunity set through subsidies has to be matched by the contraction of the opportunity set of others. The electricity companies’ “freedom” is ③ decreased at the expense of the ordinary individual, who must suffer from increased taxation to pay for the subsidy. Moreover, from the perspective of pure efficiency, the subsidy ④ distorts the economy because the electricity company is not facing the full costs of what it does, even if it is successful in limiting emissions. Indeed, electricity prices may end up ⑤ lower than they should be and electricity consumption higher, which will worsen global warming, even though the emissions per unit of electricity have been reduced.
* subsidy: 보조금
31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Few people may view the Star Trek universe through an economic lens, but doing so provides a window into a world that might soon be upon us. All of classical economics is based on the notion that there isn’t usually enough of anything to give everyone everything they want or need. Because of that, we use markets and pricing to allocate those goods, services, and resources to where they might result in the highest benefit. In Star Trek, however, there isn’t much __________. Technology has allowed that society to reproduce any food they want, transport themselves thousands of miles in the blink of an eye, communicate over lightyears, and travel among the stars. All of humanity in that world has been fully educated so that they can participate in this prosperity. Everyone is an explorer, researcher, engineer, artist, doctor, or counselor. Generative AI has the potential to allow many dimensions of our own society to be similarly highly abundant.
① bias
② scarcity
③ pollution
④ diversity
⑤ efficiency
32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
People, whether customers or otherwise, want to feel heard. When someone calls customer service, asks to speak to a manager, or comes into your office with something on their mind, they want to feel like someone is listening to their concerns and going to address them. But for someone to feel heard, three things have to happen. First, they have to feel like the other person paid attention to what they said. Second, they have to feel like the other person understood what they said. And third, the other person has to _________. This last part is key. Imagine talking to someone who provided no response. They might have attended to everything we said. They might even have understood it completely. But without some sort of outward signal that indicates they listened, it’s impossible to know whether or not they actually did.
① avoid showing their feelings
② demonstrate that they listened
③ figure out their hidden intention
④ collect enough information before deciding
⑤ consider whether their concern makes sense
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]
The very fact that all of our experiences “take place” in a physical space makes the space inseparable from what defines it, from the event that took place in it. The tree and the ground beneath are inseparable from what took place there. This intertwining of space, place, and experience __________. If place and space are central to the very heart of experience, we must accept the possibility that the spatial framework is the medium of all experiences — actions, thoughts, memories, and feelings of every place — not merely a background or context exterior to experience (as commonly supposed). Belgian literary critic Georges Poulet made the point elegantly, writing of the space created in Marcel Proust’s great novel In Search of Lost Time: “Beings surround themselves with the places where they find themselves, the way one wraps oneself up in a garment that is at one and the same time a disguise and a characterization. Without places, beings would be only abstractions.”
* intertwine: 뒤얽히다
** garment: 의복
① limits our ability to recall past events
② explains how actions influence thoughts
③ shows how time settings work in literature
④ makes it difficult for us to define our feelings
⑤ challenges the idea of place as passive backdrop
34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]
No matter how you choose to delineate your evolutionary system of interest — let’s say it’s cell phones — there will be some things that your model just needs to take as a given, such as the fact that new ideas emerge at particular times. Indeed, all models must make simplifying assumptions of this nature. When Wallace and Darwin presented their verbal model of biological evolution, there was little knowledge of how variation generation and inheritance worked. They just took as a given that these things happened somehow. Even at the finest level of detail, we need simplifying assumptions. Physicists, for example, must take as a given the mass and charge of fundamental particles. In a model of atomic bonds, physicists don’t attempt to explain why electrons have their particular mass and charge, they just accept the measured values and move on. The key point is that we can build useful models at one level of analysis _____________.
* delineate: ~의 경계를 정하다
① with enough financial support for quality studies
② even in the absence of acceptance by other scientists
③ by tracing how science has developed throughout history
④ through a detailed examination of higher‐level phenomena
⑤ without a complete accounting of what’s happening at all other levels
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
The recognition of burnout as an occupational phenomenon by the WHO in 2019 marked an important moment in the discourse on workplace mental health. This designation reframes clinical assessment and organizational responsibility, shifting attention to systemic prevention. ① It invites employers to adopt structural interventions rather than relying solely on individuallevel remedies. ② In practice, this means clinicians should collaborate with occupational health and leadership to address root causes. ③ Individuals can help themselves recover from burnout by changing patterns that contribute to stress. ④ It signaled a shift away from viewing burnout as a personal failing or a matter of individual resilience, toward understanding it as a structural issue rooted in organizational culture, leadership practices, and the broader socioeconomic context of work. ⑤ This reframing is essential, as it opens the door to systemic interventions and policylevel changes rather than placing the burden solely on individuals to cope or adapt.
* resilience: 회복 탄력성
36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
| All sound begins with some kind of motion, something that disturbs molecules in air, water, steel, wood, or other medium. Isaac Newton noted that light waves are colorless; the perception of color only occurs in the brain of a living organism. |
(A) We can measure that disturbance with gauges and instruments, but until it hits a brain, it is not sound. You may have heard the old philosophical riddle, “If a tree falls in the forest and no one is there to hear it, does it make it sound?”
(B) The same is true of sound. Thus perception of sound begins at our eardrums — before it hits our eardrums, it is nothing more than the disturbance of molecules.
(C) No, because sound is a psychological concept, a product of brains. That tree will disturb molecules and make a mess, but if no creature hears it, no bird, fox, or human, it has not made sound.
* gauge: 측정기
① (A) – (C) – (B)
② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]
| When people are collaborating face to face they can easily see each other and the range of different communication cues being used, so the task space is a subset of the communication space. |
(A) So, there is an artificial seam between the communication space and task space. This is the type of impact of remote communication technology that needs to be predicted through communication models.
(B) Ishii, a professor at the MIT Media Lab, describes this as seamless communication because there is no functional separation between the task and communication space. However, when people are working remotely, the task space is often separated from the communication space.
(C) For example, when video conferencing, people may have the face of their collaborator on one screen, while looking at a shared document on another. In this case, it is impossible to see many of the remote collaborator’s communication cues at the same time as looking at the task space.
* seam: 갈라진 틈
① (A) – (C) – (B)
② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
| Regardless of whether the statement was true or false, belief in the truth of the claim went up as a function of repetition. |
In 1977, psychologists Lynn Hasher and David Goldstein asked a group of college students how certain they were that sixty generalknowledge trivialike statements were either true or false. The students were asked to evaluate the sixty statements three times, at twoweek intervals. ( ① ) Crucially, only twenty of the statements were repeated each time; the other forty were new. ( ② ) The researchers then compared the ‘truthratings’ of the repeated versus nonrepeated statements. ( ③ ) What they found was astonishing. ( ④ ) In other words, the more often you hear a statement, the more ‘true’ it sounds. ( ⑤ ) This became known as the illusory truth effect.
* trivia: 잡학적 지식
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
| When submerged underwater, to avoid feeling the pressure of the surrounding environment, it is necessary to maintain the condition of equal external and internal pressure. |
The human body on the Earth’s surface experiences constant air pressure equal to 1618 tons per square meter of its body surface. However, this pressure is not felt because external pressure is balanced by internal pressure in the lungs and air cavities of the body. ( ① ) During dives, in addition to atmospheric pressure, the pressure of the water also acts on the human body. ( ② ) To achieve this, air or a breathing mixture is supplied to the diver under pressure equal to the pressure applied by the surrounding water. ( ③ ) Water pressure increases proportionally with depth. ( ④ ) It increases by 1 bar for every 10 meters. ( ⑤ ) It follows that a diver at a depth of 10 meters experiences a pressure of 2 bar, and to stabilize pressure, the supply of a breathing mixture under a pressure of 2 atmospheres is required.
* submerge: 물속에 잠그다
** air cavity: 공기가 들어 있는 공간
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Researchers recently found that goldenrods that live in peaceful areas without much threat from predators will issue chemical alarm calls that are incredibly specific — comprehensible only to their close kin — on the rare occasion they are attacked. But goldenrods in more hostile territory signal to their neighbors using chemical phrases easily understood by all the goldenrod in the area, not just their biological kin. Instead of using coded whisper networks, these goldenrod broadcast the threat over loudspeaker, so to speak. It is the first time research has confirmed that these chemical communications are beneficial not only to the plant receiving them but also to the sender. When times are truly tough, you do not want to be left standing in a field alone. There will be no one to mate with, no one to help bring in pollinators.
* goldenrod: 미역취
** pollinator: 꽃가루 매개자
| Compared to those in peaceful areas, goldenrods in more hostile environments send more ___(A)___ understandable chemical messages, thereby ___(B)___ both the senders and the receivers. |
① broadly … benefiting
② easily … harming
③ narrowly … protecting
④ accidentally … profiting
⑤ specifically … endangering
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Patterns such as infinite scroll, autoplaying videos, or requiring an account just to make a purchase all interfere with the user’s control over their own experience. From a sustainability perspective, many of these patterns encourage (a) overconsumption of data and attention. Infinite scroll keeps loading new content whether the user wants it or not, increasing data usage and device processing. Autoplay (b) forces media to load and play even for people who may never watch it. These choices consume more energy on both the user’s device and the servers delivering the content. Take the decision by a popular music streaming platform to replace static album artwork with short video loops by default. This change significantly increases data usage and battery consumption, while the option to disable it is buried (c) deep in the settings. As a result, most users consume more resources unless they actively search for a way to opt out.
It is important to acknowledge that web design always nudges behavior in some way. Showing consequences and highlighting options are all forms of influence. The ethical line is not whether nudging exists, but whether it is transparent, reversible, and aligned with the user’s interests. In many cases, the most (d) responsible approach is to make the lower‐impact option the default, while keeping alternatives clearly available. Defaults are (e) powerless, and when chosen carefully, they can reduce environmental impact without removing user agency.
* default: 기본값
** nudge: 유도하다
*** transparent: 투명한
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
① Creating Web Design That Respects Users and the Environment
② The Better the Web Design, the More Data Usage Required
③ The Environmental Costs of Making Digital Devices
④ Why Do Users Prefer Autoplaying Visual Content?
⑤ UserFriendly Design: Making Purchasing Easier
42. 밑줄 친 (a) ~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
[43~45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A) One day, Emily saw the “Annual Art Contest” poster in her school’s hallway. She wanted to enter, but lacked confidence. Later that day, Emily shared her worries with her grandmother. Her grandmother smiled and said, “Art is about expressing yourself and sharing your heart, not being the best.” Hearing this, (a) she decided to enter the contest.
(B) Just then, Grandma gently rested a hand on Emily’s shoulder. She knelt down beside Emily and said, “Sweetheart, giving up won’t turn it into a masterpiece.” (b) Her voice trembled, “But it’s ruined.” Her grandmother tilted her head. “Perhaps it’s the beginning of something new. Let’s find the rainbow together.” (c) She pulled up two chairs, ready to help her rebuild confidence.
(C) The hours melted away as they sat side by side. With Grandma’s encouragement, the ruined painting gradually turned into a masterpiece. “Grandma! It has become a whole new work of art,” Emily exclaimed. Gazing at the transformed canvas, she knew she had already won. Not the contest ― it didn’t matter now ― for (d) she had found something greater: the courage to face her fears and the wisdom to find beauty in the mess.
(D) The next day, Emily set up a canvas and started painting sunflowers on it. When it was nearly complete, Fluffy, the family cat, suddenly jumped onto the shelf above. A tipped vase rained down water, turning her masterpiece into a wet mess. “Oh, no,” she cried out. She sank to her knees, looking at (e) her ruined canvas with a completely defeated heart.
43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (B) – (D) – (C)
② (C) – (B) – (D)
③ (C) – (D) – (B)
④ (D) – (B) – (C)
⑤ (D) – (C) – (B)
44. 밑줄 친 (a) ~ (e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
45. 윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?
① Emily는 자신의 걱정거리에 대해 할머니와 이야기를 나누었다.
② 할머니는 Emily의 어깨 위에 부드럽게 손을 얹었다.
③ 망가진 그림이 할머니의 격려를 받으며 걸작으로 변했다.
④ Emily는 캔버스에 장미를 그리기 시작했다.
⑤ 그림이 거의 완성되었을 때 고양이가 선반 위로 뛰어올랐다.