고2 모의고사 2026년 10월 영어독해 18~45번
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18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Principal,
I am writing as the head student because many students have expressed their concerns about the recent security incidents at nearby schools. We propose a few measures to increase students’ privacy and safety. First, planting trees around the school would prevent outsiders from watching students, which helps protect students’ privacy and reduces their exposure to external risks. Additionally, more CCTV cameras and security guards could be added near the entrances to detect unauthorized access and respond quickly to any incidents. On behalf of the students, I hope that you will kindly consider these suggestions. Thank you.
Sincerely,
David Miller
① 교내 안전시설의 수리를 건의하려고
② 교내 사생활 침해 사례들에 대해 보고하려고
③ 나무 심기가 학교 경관 개선에 주는 효과를 설명하려고
④ 학생들의 사생활 보호와 안전 강화 방안들을 제안하려고
⑤ 교내 감시 카메라 설치 확대에 대한 재검토를 요구하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘Beryl’의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
Beryl was standing on stage for her singing performance at the school festival. The opening melody began to play, a soft tune that Beryl had practiced over and over. She knew the lyrics by heart, but now that she was here, everything seemed to have faded from her mind. She almost froze. What if I forgot the words? What if I sounded awful? But then she remembered her best friend Naomi’s words. “You’re doing something brave by just getting up there.” When the moment came, Beryl took a deep breath and began to sing. Her voice, shaky at first, soon found its rhythm as she focused. The weight on her shoulders slowly lifted, and the words began to flow more easily. As she continued singing, each note rang out without hesitation. She realized that this was her moment.
① bored → excited
② nervous → confident
③ proud → ashamed
④ depressed → surprised
⑤ curious → disappointed
20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Life is full of possibilities. If we, like gardeners, provide a suitable environment and let children grow at their own pace, they will spontaneously explore the world, developing curiosity, creativity, and independence. Such children love life, dare to challenge, and possess initiative. But if we, like carpenters, always try to “shape” children into our ideal image, they will gradually lose autonomy, becoming accustomed to following others’ instructions. Such children quickly lose their sense of direction as they grow, because they are used to being arranged for, rather than actively choosing their path. As parents, our role should be that of gardeners, providing sunlight, rain, and fertile soil, allowing children to grow naturally at their own pace. It should not be that of carpenters, trying to carve out a “perfect” piece according to our will. The core of education starts with understanding life and helping children find their own “map” to find their direction in a complex world.
* initiative: 진취성
① 부모는 자녀의 특성을 파악해서 그에 맞는 피드백을 주어야 한다.
② 부모는 자녀가 실패를 두려워하지 않고 도전하도록 격려해야 한다.
③ 자녀가 방향을 잃지 않도록 부모는 명확한 목표와 기준을 제시해야 한다.
④ 자녀를 독립적인 사람으로 키우려면 과도한 물질적 지원을 경계해야 한다.
⑤ 부모는 자녀의 속도에 맞는 자연스러운 성장이 가능한 환경을 제공해야 한다.
21. 밑줄 친 “a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
To see how borrowing and lending changes a person’s worldview, consider what the rate of interest does to people’s perception of time. Imagine you are lending to somebody at an interest rate of 10 percent per year for five years. This rate tells us that the money lent has a cost that reflects the risk of you not being repaid and the opportunity cost of not spending that money yourself. The longer the term of the loan, the higher the chance you won’t be paid back because it is further into the future ― which by definition is unknowable ― and the longer you will have to wait before spending the money yourself. In order to make this worthwhile for the lender, money has to have a price ― a cost to the borrower and income to the lender. This price factors in the value of time. To put it another way, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
* factor in: ~을 감안하다
① Lenders and borrowers benefit from each other.
② Spending money now is wiser than keeping it for later.
③ The lender decides the interest rate for the borrower.
④ Borrowing money involves the risk of damaging one’s credit.
⑤ Money you have now is more valuable than the same amount later.
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Social and environmental responsibility has become an increasingly important ethical consideration for content creators. As global awareness of social, environmental, and sustainability issues grows, many content creators are being called upon to consider the broader impact of their work. This includes addressing topics such as climate change, social justice, and ethical consumerism in their content. Content creators have a platform that can influence their audience’s attitudes and behaviors, and they have a responsibility to use that platform for positive change. For example, promoting environmentally sustainable products or supporting causes related to equality and justice can help raise awareness and drive meaningful social impact. Ethical content creators not only focus on promoting their products or services but also consider the values and causes they support, ensuring that their content aligns with their social and environmental principles.
① 콘텐츠 제작자는 사회와 환경 개선에 기여하는 창작물을 만들 책임이 있다.
② 공익을 위한 콘텐츠는 특정 이익 집단에 편향되지 않는 중립성이 요구된다.
③ 콘텐츠 플랫폼은 사회적으로 유해한 콘텐츠를 엄격히 규제할 의무가 있다.
④ 콘텐츠 소비자에게는 정보를 비판적으로 수용하는 태도가 필요하다.
⑤ 전문가와의 협업은 신뢰할 수 있는 창작물을 만드는 데 중요하다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Research on cephalopod neurobiology suggests that an octopus possesses roughly five hundred million neurons. What makes this system unusual is where many of those neurons are located. More than half are distributed throughout the arms rather than concentrated entirely in the central brain. Each arm contains networks of nerve cells capable of controlling complex movements and responding to sensory input locally. This means that many actions do not require detailed instructions from the brain itself. Instead, the arms function as highly capable extensions of the nervous system that interact with the environment directly. The suckers lining each arm play an important role in this process. These structures provide strong grip but also detect chemical signals on surfaces they contact. Marine biologists studying octopus behavior have shown that this allows the animal to gather chemical information through touch. In practical terms, an octopus can effectively taste what it touches.
* cephalopod: (오징어, 문어 등의) 두족류 동물 ** sucker: 빨판
① characteristics of an environment that suits an octopus
② function of the octopus’s central brain in controlling its arms
③ benefit of an octopus relying more on vision than touch for survival
④ reasons for octopuses having more neurons than other marine animals
⑤ mechanism behind an octopus arms’ direct interaction with its surroundings
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Consistent though he may be, some of Aristotle’s ideas meet us today as strange. He had no difficulty justifying slavery, for example, and in his era, philosophers enjoyed positions of high privilege and influence. Because of their practice of contemplation for the highest human good, philosophers were considered worthy to have all the best things in life. Somehow that assertion seems oddly selfserving. It serves us to remember that every great thinker is of her own time and speaks to a particular audience, and certainly Aristotle is no exception. Human flourishing as he understood it probably would not be nearly as inclusive as we would want it to be today. How he understood right and good is best taken to be an indicator of how the privileged elite of ancient Greek society tended to understand right and good. As a result, for all it does well, it is also deeply flawed.
* contemplation: 사유
① Aristotle’s Ethics Trapped in His Time and Class
② Aristotle’s Highest Good for the Underprivileged
③ Why Philosophers Deserve the Best Things in Life
④ Aristotle’s Lonely Struggle to Build an Inclusive Society
⑤ Limits of Greek Philosophers: Thoughts Without Actions
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]
You might think of survival as a race ① in which a hurdle has to be jumped every year. The early hurdles were once very high, and many people fell before clearing the first few. Demographically, humankind was living close to a state of nature, and nature is extremely wasteful of life. From only a very small number of figs will even one of many seeds ② become a fig tree. Almost a quarter of baboons born in the wild die before they are a year old, which ③ is fairly typical for primates. Infant mortality rates for humans in premodern agricultural societies were similar to, and sometimes higher, than ④ those of apes. Things were little better for our huntergatherer ancestors, a quarter of ⑤ them failed to reach their first birthday, while another quarter didn’t live long enough to reproduce just about everywhere until the nineteenth century. Had it been otherwise, the huge recent growth in human population would have occurred much earlier.
* demographically: 인구 통계학적으로 ** baboon: 개코원숭이 *** primate: 영장류
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
A study by Eva McMahan, professor of speech communication, confirmed the dominance of nonverbal signals. The phenomenon, however, was especially pronounced when adults found themselves in situations with conflicting messages (i.e., situations in which the contents of the verbal and nonverbal messages differ). Attempts to manipulate another person verbally are therefore likely to ① fail if the accompanying nonverbal communication does not match the spoken message. This is because people trust nonverbal messages ② more than verbal ones. When somebody tells you that they enjoy spending time with you, but you notice how they are looking away and are forcing a smile, you are probably less inclined to ③ believe their words. The same is probably true when you are back at the office after a sickness and your colleague tells you with a ④ smiling expression that they were happy to take over your workload. You might not believe that they enjoyed ⑤ replacing you while you were gone.
31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
A person who lives eighty years lives some twentynine thousand days, and the overwhelming majority of the behaviour packed into them runs on settings laid down, most of them, decades earlier and rarely inspected since. This need not be a hopeless thought. In one light it is a triumph of engineering. If you had to consciously decide every footstep and every forkgrip and every word, you would never make it out of bed; the deliberate mind is far too slow and too costly to run a whole life in real time, and any creature that tried would be outcompeted by a creature that didn’t. The __________ is precisely what frees the captain to come up on deck for the few problems that actually require him. The default is not a flaw in the human design. It is arguably the central feature, the thing that makes a complex life affordable at all.
* default: 기본 설정
① reflection
② automation
③ prediction
④ manipulation
⑤ calculation
32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]
If we understand mass culture as a weakening factor of the cultural ties that unite people to their traditions, mass culture weakens the intermediary institutions in society (e.g. the family or the school), diminishing their role and overlapping these institutions. For example, courts are traditional social institutions and important for the normal and harmonious functioning of collective life. However, when people turn to social networks to put pressure on judicial decisions in certain mediated and politicized processes, this practice is popularized and becomes a habitual form of culture, which is harmful. Justice must not be done in the public square, which today is converted into a virtual dimension, the social networks. In a democratic state of law, the appropriate place to judge and make justice is the court and in a way that is ____________.
* intermediary: 매개하는
① immune to popular pressure
② supportive for the minority
③ responsive to social change
④ open to political negotiation
⑤ aligned with public expectations
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Human development is now increasingly understood as an ongoing, flexible, and evolving process rather than a fixed sequence of stages. At the core of this perspective lies the concept of plasticity. Plasticity refers to the human capacity to change, adapt, and reorganize cognitive, emotional, and behavioural patterns in response to life experiences, environmental demands, and biological changes. It highlights that individuals are not merely passive recipients of development but active agents capable of growth throughout their lives. In earlier views, development was believed to occur mainly during childhood, with adulthood seen as a period of stability and old age as a phase of decline. The concept of plasticity challenges this rigid outlook by emphasizing that development continues across the entire lifespan. Although the extent of change may vary at different stages, every phase of life _____________.
① is independent of the previous change
② allows room for adaptation and transformation
③ leads to less variation in human development
④ requires stability for meaningful growth to occur
⑤ has its own limit in adjusting to new experiences
34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]
Social media has altered business, politics, and friendships, making going viral a household term. The global financial industry links every bank and countless households in every country, making us vulnerable to human error taking place on the other side of the world. As Columbia University strategy professor Rita McGrath explains, years ago most of our institutions were separate and thereby buffered from the effects of errors outside their walls. That is no longer the case. The digitization of massive amounts of information has continued to grow enormously as the cost of computing power has decreased. The development of smart systems that communicate autonomously gave rise to an infinite variety of potential breakdowns. This interdependence is a breeding ground for complex failure. As Rita puts it, when “things that used to be kept separate bump up against each other, it becomes far more difficult to predict what’s going to happen next.” Information technology creates new vulnerabilities because ____________.
* vulnerable: 취약한 ** buffer: 보호하다
① complex issues involving smart systems are oversimplified
② vast amounts of online information destroy social hierarchy
③ digitization widens the information gap between institutions
④ interconnectedness instantly spreads the impact of small failures
⑤ digital networks fall like dominoes due to increasing computing costs
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Scientific developments and technologies in medical practice have brought us enormous progress in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. ①The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, for which he later received the Nobel Prize, was one of the biggest breakthroughs in the battle against infectious diseases. ②Edward Jenner discovered around 1796 that humans were protected against the deadly smallpox virus after exposure to the cowpox virus, which is harmless to humans. ③A human’s average life expectancy has increased, but relying too much on medicine damages our body system. ④Vaccines developed in laboratories have contributed enormously to the reduction of the burden of bacterial and viral diseases and have even led to the elimination of poxvirus. ⑤For other infectious diseases (for example cholera and malaria), control and hygiene management measures have reduced their burden, while for others treatment therapies turned viral diseases that were deadly into chronic manageable diseases.
* smallpox: 천연두 ** cowpox: 우두 *** hygiene: 위생
36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
| A simple truth that designers must embrace in order to create more effective products and experiences is the fact that we are not the user. |
(A) This technique is effective for understanding how well a design will perform once it is in the hands of real users. Designers can use this method to improve their work through subsequent revisions based on the findings from representative users.
(B) An incredibly effective way is with usability testing. The goal of this method is to uncover problems in a design, discover existing opportunities, and learn more about the behaviors and preferences of users by asking participants to engage in realistic activities.
(C) We’re much too close to what we build to objectively see it and understand how users will interact with it. The best user interfaces are those that have been shaped by observations of real users and their interactions with them. So how can designers shape their work to be more effective?
① (A) – (C) – (B)
② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
| Reappraisal ― changing the way one thinks about emotional situations ― might present a particularly effective avenue to regulating emotions because it transforms emotions at their root. |
(A) This example illustrates how reappraisal might powerfully transform shortterm emotional responses. When repeated over time, these shortterm emotional consequences of reappraisal might accumulate to shape people’s psychological health. Thereby, reappraisal might be a key to resilience.
(B) Take, for example, someone who is going through a divorce. This is often an adverse event, and yet, it can be construed in different ways. One might view it as an overpowering loss that will mark one’s family for life. Alternatively, one might see it as something that is painful but that might lead to positive outcomes in the long run, such as improved relationships.
(C) As a result of these different construals, one might feel different emotions. The first construal may bring intense sadness and anger. The second construal might also bring sadness and anger but perhaps at lower levels. Crucially, it might also bring some positive emotions, such as hope, strength, or gratitude. [3점]
* resilience: 회복 탄력성 ** construe: 해석하다
① (A) – (C) – (B)
② (B) – (A) – (C)
③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B)
⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)
38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
| We can’t utilize the same “one size fits all” rule for everyone because we use water for so many diverse things. |
When we say that water is “clean,” we don’t just mean that it looks like a glass of water. ( ① ) Water quality is about following a certain set of criteria, or “benchmarks.” ( ② ) These guidelines inform us exactly how much physical, chemical, or biological stuff can be in the water. ( ③ ) These rules ensure the water is safe for anything we want to do with it, whether that’s drinking it at home, watering crops on a farm, or running it through a huge industrial boiler. ( ④ ) For instance, the water that cools down a huge power plant generator doesn’t need to be as clean as the water you drink from the kitchen tap. ( ⑤ ) This is why groups set different “safety limits” for the water dependent on how it will be utilized.
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오. [3점]
| Yet rather than simply take such sources at face value, they read them “against the grain”. |
Like all historians, social historians draw from a variety of primary sources. Social history often emphasizes ordinary people rather than elites. ( ① ) Yet, in most places and times, nonelites lacked access to education and, thus, did not produce substantial amounts of documentation. ( ② ) Even when they did produce documentation, these materials rarely ended up in archives where they could be preserved and made available to researchers. ( ③ ) Because of such biases in the historical record, social historians have to be very creative in their work. ( ④ ) Like other historians, social historians analyze textual sources produced by government officials, employers, and other elites. ( ⑤ ) So, for example, a social historian will read legal documents not only for the “facts” provided by slaveowners; she will also examine the silences, interruptions, rumors, and other details that offer hints about the enslaved peoples’ attitudes and actions.
*against the grain: 일반적인 방식과 다르게
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
Dolphins’ brains have evolved specialized areas dedicated to echolocation, allowing them to process acoustic information more quickly and with less energy. One key adaptation is the structure of the dolphin’s auditory pathway. The signals from the ears are rapidly transmitted to the auditory cortex, the brain region responsible for processing sound. However, unlike many other mammals, dolphins have a highly specialized auditory cortex with distinct areas dedicated to processing different aspects of echolocation signals. Some areas may be responsible for analyzing the timing of echoes, while others focus on the frequency content or the intensity of the sound. This specialization allows the dolphin’s brain to process echo information in parallel, rather than sequentially. Imagine a factory assembly line, where different workers are responsible for different tasks. By dividing the work among specialized areas, the brain can process information much faster and more efficiently. This parallel processing reduces the cognitive load associated with echolocation, allowing dolphins to react quickly to changes in their environment.
* echolocation: 반향 정위(초음파를 발사하여 물체의 위치를 알아내는 방법) ** auditory: 청각의 *** cortex: (대뇌) 피질
| A dolphin’s auditory cortex processes the different aspects of echolocation signals ___(A)___ in its distinct areas, thereby ___(B)___ the reduction of the cognitive load and the rapid responses to changes in its environment. |
① serially … disrupting
② independently … preventing
③ randomly … facilitating
④ simultaneously … enabling
⑤ sequentially … allowing
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
It is crucial to recognize that boredom can give rise to harmful emotions such as depression, despair, and irritation if not adequately addressed. When we believe that the only way to be happy is by searching for fun activities, then we become (a) dependent on those activities, and negative thoughts and emotions arise. It is suggested that ‘Idle time is the devil’s workshop’ implies that those with too much time on their hands may fill that time with (b) troubling thoughts and behavior. The balance is to not see it as idle time, wasted time, or boredom but rather as a perfect time for selfimprovement, selfidentification, and positive reflection time.
Reflecting, just how lucky are we to be bored? Boredom doesn’t exist in the presence of danger, as it is only an indulgence pastime in a safe zone. Boredom can be perceived as a luxury that typically manifests in safe and inactive situations, (c) removing an occasion to appreciate and comprehend the environment. In hazardous circumstances, the luxury of boredom is (d) unavailable. Thus, it is paramount to utilize idle moments for profound selfreflection. It represents an occasion to listen, observe, and appreciate before expressing. Rather than viewing boredom as unproductive, it should be regarded as an opportunity for personal development and (e) constructive contemplation.
* indulgence: 탐닉 ** paramount: 가장 중요한
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Boredom: An Opportunity in Disguise
② The Irony of Choosing Danger Over Safety
③ Why Do We Pursue Safety and Comfort in Life?
④ What Harmful Effects Boredom Has on Our Minds
⑤ The Harder Our Life Is, the More Meaningful It Becomes
42. 밑줄 친 (a) ~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
[43~45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A) The violin had always been Ann’s thing since she was seven. Her teacher Mrs. Jones always said she had natural talent. But lately, every time Ann picked up her bow, she couldn’t focus. She kept thinking about Victoria Gray, the brilliant violinist who had performed at Maestro Hall. Before the lesson with Mrs. Jones, Ann was watching Victoria’s flawless technique on her smartphone, and it made (a) her chest feel tighter.
(B) That night, Ann deleted her social media app from her smartphone. She focused on practicing (b) her violin, trying to find herself, for a week. On Saturday, Ann picked up her violin and played a simple piece she’d known since childhood. Her music had mistakes, but it felt like her own music again. When she finished, her little sister Emma clapped enthusiastically. “When (c) you play, it makes the whole house feel nicer.” Ann smiled, finally at peace.
(C) Hearing her words, Mrs. Jones smiled softly and said, “That’s because you’re measuring yourself against someone else’s ruler. Comparison steals your joy and unique voice. Stop looking at (d) her journey and focus on your own.” Hearing those comforting words, something profound shifted inside Ann. After the lesson, Ann took down Victoria Gray’s picture that had always been on her bedroom wall.
(D) What was the point? Ann thought. I’ll never be like her. As the lesson began, her teacher, Mrs. Jones, immediately noticed Ann’s distraction. “Is everything alright, Ann?” asked Mrs. Jones. “I’m just wondering if I’m good enough to be special like Victoria,” Ann said. “I used to love playing. Now (e) I just feel like I’m not good enough. I don’t have the perfect technique like her.”
43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (B) – (D) – (C)
② (C) – (B) – (D)
③ (C) – (D) – (B)
④ (D) – (B) – (C)
⑤ (D) – (C) – (B)
44. 밑줄 친 (a) ~ (e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
45. 윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?
① Victoria Gray는 Maestro Hall에서 공연한 적이 있다.
② Ann은 자신의 스마트폰에서 소셜 미디어 앱을 삭제했다.
③ 토요일에 Ann은 처음 접한 곡을 연주했다.
④ Ann은 침실 벽에 붙어 있던 Victoria Gray의 사진을 떼었다.
⑤ Jones 선생님은 레슨이 시작되자 Ann의 산만함을 즉시 알아차렸다.